|
| |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
.jpg) |
.jpg) |
|
Solar Street Light in night |
Solar Street Light in night |
Solar Lantern |
Solar Garden Light |
|
Rs:
19,980/- |
Rs:19,980/- |
Rs:5,900/- |
Rs:
350/- |
|
|
|
|
Solar Home Electricity System
is
consist of following:
1-
Solar Panel
2-
Power Controller/converter
3-
Battery (for night time back
up)
The Following Power Systems
are available: 50Watt,
100Watt, 500Watt,
1000Watt, 2kW, 5kW, 10kW,
25kW, 100kW, 1000kw
Type of Systems:
Stand–alone systems rely on PV power only, and comprise an array of PV
modules connected to a battery via some form of charge controller, which
switches off the PV array when the battery is fully charged, and
switches off the load before the battery becomes discharged too much.
The batteries must have enough capacity to store the energy produced
during the day to be used at night and during periods of poor weather.
Hybrid systems consist of combination of a PV array and a complementary
means of electricity generation such as a diesel, gas or wind generator.
In order to optimise the operations of the two generators, hybrid
systems typically require more sophisticated controls than stand-alone
PV systems.
Grid
connected systems may be built as small power stations, with large areas
of PV modules feeding power directly into the grid. Alternatively they
may be used to provide power for a specific application such as a
building, which employs mains power whenever insufficient solar power is
available. Grid connected PV systems are connected to the grid through
inverters, and do not require batteries because the grid can accept all
of the electricity that a PV generator can supply. |
|
Solar Panels
Energy conversion
devices, which are used to convert sunlight to electricity by the use of
the photovoltaic effect, are called solar cells or photovoltaic (PV)
cells. PV cells are made of semiconductors that generate electricity
when they absorb light. The most commonly used semiconductor for making
solar cells is silicon.
Solar
panel modules are available in many types:
Monocrystalline solar cells exhibit the highest conversion
efficiencies of all silicon cells, but they are also the most
expensive to produce. The individual cells in research laboratories
have achieved efficiency of 24%. The efficiency of industrial cells
reached 17%.
Polycrystalline cells
are slightly less efficient than monocrystalline cells, but they are
also slightly cheaper to produce. At the moment PV industry is
essentially based on crystalline or polycrystalline silicon (appr. 80%
of world-wide production in 1997). The main advantages of this
technology are well established silicon industry (microelectronics),
relatively high conversion efficiency, simplicity, and a very good
stability. However such cells are relatively thick consuming expensive
material, they are restricted to certain sizes and have to be tabbed and
interconnected, so modules are not monolithically integrated.
Thin-film cells are less
efficient than the best crystalline silicon cells, but they are expected
to become more cost effective in the future because they can benefit
substantially from economies of scale in production. At present, the
most advanced thin-film solar cells are made from amorphous silicon (a-Si)
and its alloys (a-SiGe, a-SiC). The technology for basic
single-junction, tandem or triple-stacked cells is mature and fully
commercialised. The laboratory triple-stacked cells reached 13%
stabilised efficiency.
5 Watt,
to 50Watt,
up to 300 watt with 12Volt to 26 volt out put
|
 |
|
The
simplest mean of an electricity storage on a small moderate scale is a
storage in electric batteries, especially as solar cells produce the
direct current required for battery charging. The stored energy can then
be delivered as electricity upon discharge. Most of batteries used in PV
systems are lead acid batteries, though nickel cadmium batteries are
used, particularly for small applications in locations with extreme
climates or where high reliability is essential.
Lead Acid Battery
The
most commonly available lead acid battery is the car battery, but these
are designed mainly to provide a high current for short periods to start
engines, and they are not well suited for deep discharge cycles
experienced by batteries in PV systems. Car batteries are sometimes used
for small PV systems because they are cheap, but their lifetime in PV
applications is likely to be short. The most attractive lead acid
battery for use in most PV systems is the flooded tubular plate design,
with low antimony plates. Good quality batteries of this type can
normally be expected to have lives of 5 - 7 years if they are properly
maintained and used in a PV system with a suitable charge controller.
Sealed Lead Acid Battery
A relatively recent
development is the sealed lead acid battery, which is designed mainly to
avoid problems of spillage and the need to top up the electrolyte. Some
batteries of this type are sold specifically for use in PV systems, and
may be attractive for application in remote regions where transport to
site is a problem. However, they are typically less resistant to extreme
of temperature than conventional flooded batteries, and are considerably
more expensive
Nickel Cadmium
Battery
“Sintered plate" NiCd batteries suffer from the well know memory effect,
in which the useful capacity of the battery appears to drop after it has
been discharged over many cycles or if it is discharged at low rates.
Sintered plate NiCd batteries are not therefore attractive for use in PV
systems
|
  |
Charge
Controller
PV modules, that are used to charge batteries, usually operate at an
approximately constant voltage which is selected to suit the local
air temperature. However some PV systems controllers employ a
maximum power point tracker (MPPT), which automatically permits the
PV modules to operate at the voltage which produces maximum power
output. Such controllers employ an electronic DC-DC converter to
maintain their output at the required system voltage. The benefit of
using an MPPT depends on the application and should be weighed
against its additional cost and reliability risks
Inverters
The inverter's main functions are: inversion of dc voltage into ac,
wave shaping of the output ac voltage, regulation of the effective
value of the output voltage. The most important features of an
inverter for PV applications are its reliability and its efficiency
characteristics. They are designed to operate the PV array
continuously near its maximum power point.
-
Single phase and
-
Three phase unite
-
With protections
of
-
Reverse current,
-
Over charging, Low voltage
Array mounting
structures
The array mounting structures must be able to resist local wind forces,
not be to costly, not shade the modules, and be arranged so that it is
easy for modules to be cleaned. The structure should be high enough for
the vegetation (if any) around its base to be cut without risk to the
modules.
PV
modules are valuable and must therefore be firmly attached to a
structure using devices which make it difficult to steal them. A fence
should prevent unauthorised access to free standing arrays for reasons
of safety, to minimise the risks of vandalism, and minimise the risks of
damage from large animals
|
  |
|
